The Etiology of Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease in Southeast Asia: A Meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) etiology varies greatly between developed and developing countries. In addition, differences in underlying pathogenesis and therapeutic options affect the progression towards advanced-CKD. This meta-analysis aims to identify the etiology of advanced-CKD in Southeast Asia. METHODS: A systematic search in four electronic-databases and complementary search on national kidney registries and repository libraries was conducted until July 20, 2023. The risk of bias was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies and Version-2 of Cochrane for intervention studies. A random-effects model was used to estimate pooled prevalence. The protocol is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews PROSPERO; Registration ID:CRD42022300786. RESULTS: We analyzed 81 studies involving 32,834 subjects. The pooled prevalence of advanced-CKD etiologies are diabetic kidney disease (DKD) 29.2% (95%CI 23.88-34.78), glomerulonephritis 20.0% (95%CI 16.84-23.38), hypertension 16.8% (95%CI 14.05-19.70), other 8.6% (95%CI 6.97-10.47), unknown 7.5% (95%CI 4.32-11.50), and polycystic kidney disease 0.7% (95%CI 0.40-1.16). We found a significant increase in DKD prevalence from 21% (9.2%, 95%CI 0.00-33.01) to 30% (95%CI 24.59-35.97) before and after the year 2000. Among upper-middle-income and high-income countries, DKD is the most prevalent (26.8%, 95%CI 21.42-32.60 and 38.9%, 95%CI 29.33-48.79, respectively), while glomerulonephritis is common in lower-middle-income countries (33.8%, 95%CI 15.62-54.81). CONCLUSION: The leading cause of advanced-CKD in Southeast Asia is DKD, with a substantial proportion of glomerulonephritis. An efficient screening program targeting high-risk populations (diabetes mellitus and glomerulonephritis) is needed, with the aim to delay CKD progression.

Incidence and first trimester risk factors of stillbirth in Indonesia.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence and the risk factors of stillbirth from maternal biophysical, ultrasound, and biochemical markers at 11-13 weeks of gestation in the Indonesian population. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of pregnant women for first-trimester preeclampsia screening at 11-13 weeks of gestation in some clinics and hospital in Jakarta. Maternal characteristics and history, mean arterial pressure (MAP) measurement, uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA-PI) ultrasound, maternal ophthalmic peak ratio (Oph-PR) Doppler, and placental growth factor (PlGF) serum were collected during the visit. Stillbirth was classified into placental dysfunction-related when it occurred with preeclampsia or birth weight <10th percentile and non-placental dysfunction-related. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to determine the risk factors associated with stillbirth. RESULTS: Of 1,643 eligible participants, 13 (0.79 %) stillbirth cases were reported. More than half of the stillbirths (7) were placental dysfunction-related. After adjusted with maternal age, body mass index (BMI), and parity status, chronic hypertension (aOR {adjusted odd ratio}) 24.41, 95 % CI {confidence interval} 5.93-100.43), previous pregnancy with preeclampsia (aOR 15.79, 95 % CI 4.42-56.41), MAP >101.85 (aOR 26.67, 95 % CI 8.26-86.06), UtA-PI >1.90 (aOR 10.68, 95 % CI 2.34-48.58, and PlGF <28.77 pg/mL (aOR 18.60, 95 % CI 5.59-61.92) were associated with stillbirth. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of stillbirth in the population is comparable to studies conducted in developed countries. Most routine variables assessed at the 11-13 weeks combined screening for preeclampsia are associated with the risk of stillbirth.

Chronic kidney disease in Hepatitis C and its association with liver cirrhosis and viral load: Revealing the importance of hematuria.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) contributed as a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Many studies only showed it associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) reduction and albuminuria, but none revealed hematuria data. Besides, liver cirrhosis and viral load as risks for CKD are still yet to be established. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of CKD and its component in hepatitis C and to associate it with liver cirrhosis and viral load. A cross-sectional study using consecutive recruitment on the basis of anti-HCV positivity was done from August 2018 until January 2019. The participants with any renal abnormality on the first meeting were followed prospectively for at least three months. The study was done in Hepatology Clinic Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia. Liver cirrhosis was defined using transient elastography (>11 kPa). A baseline viral load >100,000 IU/mL was considered as high. CKD was defined as persistence of decreased eGFR and/or albuminuria and/or hematuria for three months. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with adjustment for age, sex, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Of the 185 participants, prevalence of CKD was 23.2% [confidence interval (CI) 95% 17.1%-29.3%]. Decreased eGFR was present in 22 (11.9%), albuminuria in 29 (15.7%), and hematuria in 13 (7%). Liver cirrhosis was associated with CKD (aOR 2.948, CI 95%: 1.218-7.136) but not viral load (aOR: 0.93, CI 95%: 0.396-2.185). Renal examination is recommended in all patients with hepatitis C, particularly in patient with liver cirrhosis.

Radiofrequency Ablation versus Resection in Large Single Nodule of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: an Evidence-based Case Report.

BACKGROUND: nowadays, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is applied widely as an alternative therapy of resection in patient with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Moreover, in single nodule with size of less than 2 cm, RFA can be the primary treatment. Although resection is the main treatment and one of the curative treatments in nodule meeting Milan criteria, it needs consideritation of the surgery risk stratification. This report was aimed to search evidence of RFA compared with RFA in term of survival in patient with HCC single nodule size of more than 5 cm. METHODS: the searching was done using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, dan CINAHL from EBSCO with keyword of "hepatocellular carcinoma", "single nodule", "radiofrequency ablation", "resection", and "survival". The limitation of the article was English with clinical question of "In patient with HCC single nodule size of more than 5cm, was RFA more superior in resection in term of survival?". RESULTS: there were three articles with retrospective study. One of the article combined RFA and percutaneous ethanol injection in the analysis, meanwhile another article combined RFA and transarterial chemoembolization. These articles showed conflicting data that showed absolute risk reduction of 33% till absolute risk increment of 60.6%. CONCLUSION: all studies used RFA as the alternative of resection when the the tumor was irresectable which means the severity is higher in RFA group. Hence, we can not solely conclude that RFA resulted in worse survival.